Essai de dictionnaire monolingue (kabyle-kabyle) des habits
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Date
2024-09
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Université Mouloud Mammeri Tizi-Ouzou
Abstract
Deg umahil-agi nneɣ yeɛnan asileɣ n usegzawal aynutlayan n yiselsa s tmaziɣt taqbaylit-taqbaylit, newwi-d anadi ɣef yiselsa ansayen d yiselsa atraren n lzzayer, uqbel ad d-nehdar ɣef waya, ilaq fell-anaɣ ad d-nwali di tazwara imawalen iqbuṛen id yellan deg umezruy n tmaziɣt uqbel talalit n yisegzawalen, ihi imawalen iqbuṛen ɣef anwi nebda leqdic-nneɣ, d win n sin imeskaren, amezwaru d Ibn Tunart i d-yesnulfan amawal n taɛrabt-tamaziɣt iwumi isemma «kitāb al-asmā» lmaɛna-s adlis n leṣnaf n yismawen, i d-yefɣen deg useggas 1145 n lqeṛn 12, yesɛan azal n 2500 wawalen, syin akkin Umdat at-tabib yesnulfa-d amawal taɛrabt-tamaziɣt isem-is «Umdat at-tabib fi ma’rifat an-nabat» wagi d yiwen umawal yeɛnan akk imɣan yesɛa azal n 243 isebtaren, deg-s llan wawalen iṛeṭṭalen n taɛrabt, akked iṛeṭṭalen i latiniyen.
Deg yixef amezwaru n umahil-agi nneɣ, neɛreḍ ad nemmeslay ɣef umezruy n tseknawalt n tmaziɣt, i d-yellan deg useggas n 1844 ar ass-a.
Di tazwara nehderd ɣef tallit tamezwarut uqbel ad d-kcem fṛansa ɣer lzzayer, i d-yellan seg useggas 1844-1900, deg-s tella-d tlalit n yisegzawalen asinutlayan tafransist-tamaziɣt neɣ akṛaḍutlayan tafransist-tamaziɣt-taɛrabt, deg tallit-agi llan-d ugar n yimeskar maca nekni nextaṛ sin seg-sen, amezwaru d Jean Michel De Venture de paradis, yesnulfa-d asegzawal i wumi isemma «Grammaire et dictionnaire abrégés de la langue berbère» i d-yefɣen deg useggas 1844, asegzawal-agi iruḥ d tafelwit yebḍa-n ɣef ukkuẓ (04) n tgejdiyin, tamezwarut tadfayt tella-d s tefransist, tis snat s tmaziɣt s yiskilen i latiniyen, this kṛaḍt s tmaziɣt s uskil n teɛrabt, tis ukkuẓt s teɛrabt, ammud i yessaxdem d win id yewwi sɣur ilmeẓyen n lmaṛṛuk d wid n lzzyer, lmaɛna-s yessexdem tacelḥit d teqbaylit i yessemlal akken ad d-yesuffeɣ yiwet n tentalit tamaziɣt. Wis sin d win I wumi qqaren Charles Brosselard, ixdem-d asegzawal asinutlyan français-berbère I d-yeffɣen deg useggas n 1844 isem-is «dialecte écrit et parlé par les kabailes de la division d'Alger», yettwaxdem ufaris-agi akked ugar n yimeskar seg-sen Charles Bosselard, M.E de Nully, Jaubert, Delaporte et Sidi-Ahmed ben al hadj Ali imam de Bougie, asegzawal-agi d yiwet n tfelwit i yebḍa-n ɣef kṛaḍ n tgejdiyin, tamenzut tadfayt-is s tefṛansist, tis snat s tmaziɣt s uskil n taɛrabt, taneggarut s tmaziɣt s uskil n tlatinit, ammud-ines iheddar-d ɣef wawalen i ssexdamen yimezdaɣ n kra n temnaḍin n bgayet. Tallit tis snat tella-d seg useggas 1900-1951, teɛna asuffeɣ n yisegzawalen isinutlayan, maca deg tallit-agi t-ttwassen s yisegzawalen berbère-français, français berbère, imeskar-is ugar, nekkni deg umahil-agi nneɣ newwi-d awal ɣef sin, amezwaru d G.Huyghe i yxedmen asegzawal amezwaru n tmaziɣt i wumi isemma «qabyli-rumi» id yeffeɣ-n deg useggas 1901, tidfayin n usegzawal-agi s taqbaylit s yiskilen i latiniyen, yal tadfayt ad as d-yefk amegdazal-is s tefṛansist, yella anida ad tt-naf yessefhem-d awal s wawal kan yella anida s umedya, daɣen deg-s llan wawalen iṛeṭṭalen s tefansist akked iṛeṭṭalen s taɛrabt.
Wis sin d ameskar i wumi qqaren SAID Cid Kaoui, I d-yesnulfa-n aṭas n yisegzawalen français-tamahâqt, tamahâqt-français, français-tachelhit-tamazight, maca nekni neddem-d asegzawal akradutlayan i wakken ad d-nehdar fell-as, yeffeɣ-d deg useggas n 1907, yessaxdem deg-s kraḍ n tentaliyin n temnaḍt n lmeṛṛuk la tamarrokit, la Tachelhit, et la Tamazight, tidfayin yessemres s tefransisit syin akkin ad as d-yefk amegdazal-is s tchelḥit ɣer tama-s akked s tmaziɣt ɣer tama n tcelḥit, ttili-t-d ama s wawal ama s umedya.
Tallit tis kraḍet tebda seg useggas 1951-2000, tagi tufrar-d ɣef tiyaḍ acekku yennulfa-d deg-s ṣṣenf nniḍen n yisegzawalen, anida imeskar ḍefren yiwet n tarrayt i wumi qqaren asismel agemmayan n yiẓuṛan, nekni nefren-d kra n yimeskar ɣef anwa ad d-nehdar seg wid ixedmen ṣṣenf-agi, amezwaru d win i wumi qqaren J.M Dallet i ixedmen sin n yisegzawalen, nextar asegzawal tafransist-taqbaylit id yefɣen deg useggas n 1985 isem-is « parler des At-Mangellat, Algérie », deg usegzawal-agi yeḍfar asismel agemmayan n wawalen, anida tidfayin llant-d s tefransist yefka-asent-id tabadut s teqbaylit maca yal yiwet isseḍfar-as ɣer yal tagarra n tbadut aẓar n wawal d uṭṭun n usebtar yeqnen ɣer usegzawal amezwaru n taqbaylit-tafransist id yesffeɣ deg useggas n 1982, i wakken ad yishil unadi ɣef uẓar d tsuqilt n wawalen. Ameskar wis sin d win i wumi qqaren Jean Delheure id yesnulfan asegzawal asinutlayan n temẓabit-tafransist isem-is « agraw n yiwalen tumzabt T-fransist » id yeffeɣ-n deg useggas n 1984, ammud-ines igmer-it-id sɣur imselɣuyen n temnaḍt n ɣerdaya, maca ameskar yegr-d tamawat d akken asegzawal-is ur d-nettaf ara deg-s yak awalen imzabiyen, tarrayt i yessemres d tin n usismel agemmayan n yiẓuran.
Tallit tis ukkuẓet tebda seg useggas n 2000 ar ass-a, d tin yettwasnen s usnulfu n yisegzawalen aynutlayanen, tallit-agi imi d tamaynut drus n yimeskaren i yellan deg-s, asegzawal amezwaru yella-d sɣur umaṛṛuki ahmed hadaci id yexdem deg useggas n 2000, i wumi yefka azwel « dictionnaire de tamazight, parlé d’Ayt Meghrad », yaɛnan imesla n Ayt Yaflman, tadfayin i yessemres llan-t-d s tantala n tmaziɣt tabadut-nsent s tmaziɣt maca amegdazal-nsen s tefransist. wis sin d yiwen n umeskar azzayri isem-is kamal buɛmara id ixedmen azegzawal aynutlayan taqbaylit-taqbaylit I wumi yefka azwel « issin » id yesuffeɣ deg useggas 2010, mayella d leqdic-nneɣ yella-d ɣef « issin wis sin » wagi yeffeɣ-d deg useggas 2017, lemgirad yellan gar-asen d timerna n tfelwiyin n tseftit d tidak n usnalɣan n yimyagen akked kra n wawalen imaynuten, tarrayt n usegzawal agi i yeḍfar kamal buɛmara d tajḍit, tidfayin-is llant-d s usismel agemmayan n tergalt tamezwarut, anida ara d-naf talɣa n wawalen ur tettwaru ara di tazwara n wid yebdan s tiɣra neɣ s (ta,tu,ti).
Deg yixef wis sin n umahil-nneɣ nefka-d tamuɣli deg tazwara ɣef kra n tbadutin ɣef wacu yezmar ad yebnu usegzawal s umata, nebda s tbadut n tseknawalt id newwi sɣur Jean Dubois, tabadut n taɣesmɣert akked taɣesmeẓẓit d wamek i tebna tɣessa-ines deg usegzawal sɣur Dubove, anida nessaweḍ ad nekkes acu n tarrayt i yeḍfar yal ameskar seg-sent : tadfayt d awal ɣef wacu i n-ttnadi, tira n temsislit i wakken ameɣri ad iẓar amek yettwanṭaq neɣ yettwaru wawal, taggayt n tjeṛṛumt i wakken ad nẓar d acu-t wawal-nni, d acu-tt tewsit neɣ amḍan-ines, laṣel n wawal ɣef anwa n-ttnadi, syin akkin nwala-d tadfayt n wawal anida id nessegzay tadfayt ɣef wacu nettnadi, ɣer taggara imedyaten yettili-d d tafyir id yettkemilen asefhem i txus tbadut yettawi-ten-id umeskar ama sɣur-s neɣ seg lemtul. Nefka-d daɣen tabadut i usegzawal, nruḥ srid ad d-nefk leṣnaf n yisegzawalen I nezmar ad nemmagar, nebdar-d ugar n leṣnaf seg-sen : asegzawal aynutlayan d win yesɛan yiwet n tantala, asegzawal asinutlayan neɣ akraḍutlayan d win yesɛan sin neɣ tlata n tentaliyin, asegzawal amatu, d win yesɛan awalen yessaxdam wemdan deg tutlayt n yal ass, asegzawal n tutlayt d win id yettaken taɣessa n wawal, asegzawal akusnan d win id yettaken tabadut n wawal s telqayt, asegzawal ɣef lkaɣeḍ d win i yettawi wemdan deg uqrab-is neɣ id yettawi si tamkerḍayt akked asegzawal alikṭṛunan d win i yessaxdem umdan deg ttilifun-is i wakken ad as yishil unadi anida ma yella. Nefka-d tabadut i usismel agemmayan s umata akked win i neḍfar deg usegzawal id nexdem, nufa-as-d kraḍ n leṣnaf: asismeml agemmayan n wawalen, asismel agemmayan n uẓar akked asismel agemmayan n targalt tamezwarut. Si tama n (catégorie grammaticale) nemmeslay-ed ɣef kraḍ n tewsatin, tamezwarut d amalay (asuf d asegut), tis snat ɣef unti (asuf d asegut), taneggarut n-mmeslay-ed ɣef waddad amaruz. Syin akkin nefka-d tiɣri ɣef tabadut, nefka-as-d tabadut n tbadut id newwi seg usegzawal n umeskar Dubois, nerna-d leṣnaf-is id negmar seg udlis n tmeskart umi qqaren (A.lehmann) anda id-nufa seddis (06) seg-sen yal yiwen nefka-as-d tabadut akked imedyaten. ɣer taggara nesfahm-d amdaya, daɣen nefka-as-d leṣnaf i yesɛa, nufa-d sin (02) seg-sen, amezwaru (forgé) id yesnulfu umyaru sɣur-s, wis sin (rapporté) n-ttaf-it iddem-iten-id seg lemtul neɣ tuɣac n yicennayen, neɣ inzan. Deg wayen yaɛnan ammud nefka-as-d tabadut id as-iwatan, syin akkin nehder-d amek d anda i t-id-newwi, mebla ma nettu allalen i n-ssexdem. Nexdem daɣen tafelwit, nefka-d akk deg-s isallen yerzan imselɣuyen nneɣ, tazuft ( ma yella d amalay neɣ d unti), aceḥal n yiseggasen i sɛan di laɛmer-nsen, akked anta id tamnaḍt-nsen akked d acu id lḥirfa-nsen, d tutlayt ttmeslayen, nebdar-d ula d lwaqt i yettef yal akalas n yimselɣu s dqayeq. Si tama nnidhen, nebdar-d yal tamnaḍt aniɣer nerza, seg wanida id nelqeḍ ammud-nneɣ, newwi-d awal ɣef : Tizi Wezzu, Wagenun, Timizar Leɣbar, Bni Dwala, Ayit-Maḥmud, Tizi-Hibel, Bejaya akked Sedduq, deg-s nefka-d issalen ɣef yal tamnaḍt wuɣur nerza akked ayen id asent-id yezzin, ama d Taɣiwant neɣ d taddart. Deg yixef wis kraḍ, nexdem-ed asegzawal aynutlayan n yiselsa s taqbaylit-taqbaylit, nesemres tafelwit n ugemmay n temsislit agraɣlan amaziɣ, i wakken imeɣri ad yissin amek yettaru neɣ yettwanṭaq wawal, nerra-asen tugniwin nefka-asen tibadutin d imedyaten
Description
180 p. ; ill. en coul. ; (+CD-Rom)
Keywords
Dictionnaire monolingue, Essai, La lexicographie, La langue amazighe, Identité culturelle berbère
Citation
Etude linguistiques amazigh